Usually, this helps: Start > Settings > Update & Security > Troubleshoot > Additional troubleshooters. Next, under Get up and running, select Windows Update > Run the troubleshooter then reboot.

Or use the advanced mode:
- Run cmd as Administrator then run: sfc /scannow
- Then run DISM /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth
These two will check your system files and installation. If it doesn't work, go even deeper:
- Run cmd as Administrator then run:
net stop bits
net stop wuauserv
net stop appidsvc
net stop cryptsvc
- After services stopped, delete or rename those two folders/files
Ren %systemroot%\SoftwareDistribution SoftwareDistribution.old
Ren %systemroot%\system32\catroot2 catroot2.old
- Restart Windows and try the update check again.

Good luck!