The main one being that in 3G the UE is required to transmit/receive the DPCCH continuously while in 2G the UE is only required to transmit/receive one timeslot out of 8 (GSM TDMA frame structure) and shut down its transmitter/receiver in between.
So what about LTE? Even though it is early days for voice calls over LTE, the actual implementation allows for DRX/DTX in connected mode so it is possible that current consumption actually improves over 3G.
In digital communication, Gaussian minimum shift keying or GMSK is a continuous-phase frequency-shift keying. (2G)
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). (3G)